History of Programming and the Ancient Origin Assignment

History of Programming and the Ancient Origin - Assignment Example The point of this result of research is to recognize those significant programming dialects beside knowing their history and to discover why they are important. Portions of writing computer programs are certainly detectable to old occasions. Around 1790 BC, Babylonians left proof of scientific records appeared in tablets. The archeologists named it Plimpton 322. What's more, in 780-895 BC, Mohammed Al-Khorzmi composed the start of Algebra, initially composed as Kita al-jabr wa’l muqabala which got deciphered in Latin and afterward utilized in Europe, and the book Algorithm initially brought in Latin Algorithmic de numero Indorum.1 The old numbers were in Base 60 and later Base 10. Without numbers, programming so as to order a machine to accomplish something all alone even with verbal directions that are composed would be unfathomable. Konrad Zuse, a designer of the principal mechanical PC, used paired numbers and punched tapes. The equivalent is valid with words and dialects. Both likewise have antiquated roots. In any case, it took more than 2000 years before human advancement saw the association between numbers, words, and machines. During the Age of Industrial Revolution, 1804, Joseph Marie-Jacquard modified the â€Å"Jacquard Mechanical Loom† to mass produce material materials with structures. He did it by utilizing a punched card. Each column of openings compared to a structure. Those gaps controlled the approaching tasks to a limited degree in the manner makers needed materials to resemble. By simply supplanting the card with an alternate mix of gaps, they had the option to change the design.2 Terence Parr sums up the advancement of programming as one that was machine-based toward the beginning to top of the line deliberations that could be balanced starting with one machine then onto the next. The programming language before was attached to the figuring machine itself. It couldn't be changed in accordance with make another machine work. 3  There was just a machine-subordinate programming language. Codes were a double numberâ combinations utilizing zeros (0) and 1.â

The journey of the colonizer from the siege to the flight Essay Example For Students

The excursion of the colonizer from the attack to the flight Essay Based before the revolt of 1857, both the books the attack of krishnapur and the trip of pigeons, singnify the brief time frame through which the colonized caught a couple of grounds of the colonizer in India and moved towards cruel medications forced in a similar way as the colonizer did. The British beginning their excursion into India by settling in and expecting to give India better infrastructural offices and presenting them to western culture. Subsequent to seeing the riches in India, the British endeavor the Indians inside and out to extricate the greatest from them in methods for riches and expertise. In both the books the locals rebel against the colonizer and overwhelm the British. In both the books the extravagant styles wherein the British live are unmistakably pervasive in the books, the royal residences they live in with Indian hirelings and their ineptitude can likewise be viewed as the people wear garments made out of silk during the singing summer heat. The solidarity of the British is prevailing in the two books, as we see that during the attack the British work together battling against the locals while in the trip of pigeons the white pigeons alluded to as the Britishers fly and land together. They start their excursion from the attack where they go through all torments of life, they experience circumstances which they in their most out of this world fantasies could never have envisioned to experience. The British are limited to the one residency in krishnapur where all the fighters and their spouses and youngsters have taken safe house. They free their kin ordinary and there are bodies accumulated holding on to be covered, the smell of these cadavers in terrible. Before long the British are decreases to such ill will that they don't have water to drink nor food to eat. In such conditions they utilize their environmental factors. The ladies who are depicted to be powerless and weak discredit themselves as weaklings and work with the men supporting them. Case of such ladies is Louise who is an exceptionally excellent young lady and has numerous admirers, she wears a similar garments for a long time which are torn and she additionally encourages specialists to fix the injure d patients. We will compose a custom paper on The excursion of the colonizer from the attack to the flight explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now She has likewise endured colossally during the attack. Maladies have gotten each individual in the residency the same number of the individuals have surrendered trust. The Colonizers utilize every one of their deadly implements, they go through garments to stuff the ordinance balls and light them. Such severity was never looked by the whites. The battle proceeds for a significant stretch of time, yet at last the British direct the residency due the outside assistance offered by other english commanders. During the excursion of the colonizer, there is an assault on the government of the British, where there are mass killings of British officials in the congregation and afterward places of al the Britishers are torched along these lines involving the town of Shahjanpur. The rebel against the British is seen in numerous spots and soon at Delhi where the locals are toppled by the British because of arranging and the solidarity that existed in the British Empire. The Book shows how the British catch back their property. The story rotates around Mariam And Ruth Labadoor who have gotten away from the rebel against the British and remain with their reliable hireling Lalaji. During their remain, one of the head sepoys Javed Khan come into Lalajis house and remove Mariam and Ruth. He takes them to his home where he sets out a proposition of union with Mariam for her little girl Ruth. The english fear the activities of the locals as they may end up being famous. The two women alongside Mariams mother who is a muslim take cover at Javed Khans house and are helpless before Javed khan, they prey for the re-foundation of the British standard. Mariams is depicted as a solid woman who goes to bat for her little girl. She isn't apprehensive about death as she remains before the blade and asks Javed Khan to slaughter her and her family or none would be contacted. The pigeons are the British who we see are signs for the locals who are eccentric. The two mot her and little girl re-join with the British after Delhi is taken over by them and afterward Shahjanpur. .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f , .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f .postImageUrl , .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f , .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f:hover , .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f:visited , .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f:active { border:0!important; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f:active , .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u945b87f493a42 4ee8c0d27809da9d08f .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u945b87f493a424ee8c0d27809da9d08f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's - Sherlock Holmes EssayIn both the books the struggle of the locals is seen against the British. The Natives come up short on the expertise of arranging, solidarity and other current methods of war which win in the European culture. In the Siege of Krishnapur the locals show no pitty for the British and are threatening towards them. Hari the child of the Maharaja acclaims European culture and men yet he is taken in to authority by the gatherer during the attack and kept as a slave, who could accommodate the questions between the locals and smother their revolt. Be that as it may, is later discharged due the trust and companion seen by hari in the gatherer. In the trip of pigeons after the assault at the congregation and annihilating all life and property of the British, Lalaji the local who was faithful to the Labadoors offered safe house to the Labadoor family and furnished them with food notwithstanding of the numbness appeared by his relatives and the danger to his life. Such steadfast Indians additionally existed who might set out their lives for British. Be that as it may, the British would do nothing to show their thankful signals yet rather abuse Indians and diminish them to negligible hirelings fit for accomplishing just relentless work. The excursion for the British may end up being an eye opener for the coming years or it might simply be another stage that cruised by. The British at that point administered India for an additional 100 years till India got their autonomy. The British experienced the significant hardships of life which were looked by the locals in their typical life. We can likewise contrast Louise with Ruth, both are excellent and both have men running behind them, on account of Louise its Fleury and on account of Ruth its Javed Khan. In both the books towards the end just Louise and Ruth experience passionate feelings for their friends and family. While Fleury and Louise live respectively, Ruth and Khan dont. Javed Khan needs to leave Ruth as he would not flounder on his own words as he was a genuine pathan. In any case, we can see the affection that Ruth presently had for Javed Khan. These books talk about the ascent and fall of the British. Be that as it may, in the end the British triumph from the attack to the flight.

SAT Score Release

You got your scores and they are on their way to your chosen schools! Now comes the tricky part — deciding whether or not to retake the test. Having an established target or goal score is helpful at this point. If you hit or surpassed your goal, great! Send out those scores and relax. If you’ve fallen short and believe you have the potential to do better next time, commit to some more studying and gear up for your next attempt. You can do it! You studied for the SAT. You were well rested and prepared on test day. You made it through! Now†¦ when do you get your scores? It can be frustrating to have to wait for the results of something you’ve already waited so long for, so it helps to know exactly what to expect. Here’s a timeline of what happens once you’ve taken your SAT. Your SAT score is viewable online on your College Board account 13 days after your test date; a Saturday-administered test score should be up the second Friday after that. The essay score usually comes out two days later. June test scores take a little longer to be released —   usually about five weeks after your test date. Scores are typically posted at 5AM Eastern Time (2AM Pacific), but this can vary, so don’t worry if it’s a bit later. If you happen to take the SAT on a school day, your timeline will be a little different. School day tests aren’t released until 23-26 days after the test. Exact release dates for every test are provided on College Board’s website. It’s also important to note when your selected colleges will receive your scores. Any colleges that you list as recipient schools will generally receive scores within 10 days of their release to you (if you take the essay, it will be within 10 days of your essay score release, so bump that timeline back a couple days). Any additional reports you order more than nine days after you take the SAT can take one to two weeks to process. If you are concerned about your score arriving past a deadline, you can request â€Å"rush reporting,† which only takes two to four business days to process.

Ethical Issues Involving The Media - 1472 Words

There is an ongoing debate over how important and necessary ethical behavior is in the business domain. It is arguable due to the advantages and disadvantages that come into to play with every decision. Some stand on the side of the dispute that ethical behavior may slow down one’s rate of success, but it ensures that success is accomplished morally and justly. On the other hand, some blatantly argue that ethical behavior is not necessary when one is on the thin line between success and failure. In other words, this side believes unethical behavior is not a problem when one is in desperate need of higher achievement. Businesses often display unethical behavior towards their customers through their advertising in the media, towards their employees through mistreatment, and towards their investors through bribery. In each topic, the importance of ethical behavior is evident. Ethical Issues Involving the Media Media advertisements can contain untrue and misleading information regarding a product. An advertisement for the popular drink known as Vitamin Water has proved to be unethical and deceptive towards customers. Attempts are being made by the National Consumers League (NCL) to put an end to the advertisement’s claim that Vitamin Water, manufactured by Glaceau, a small unit of the Coca-Cola Company, can replace flu shots. The NCL have requested the investigation of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) over untrue assertions. The healthy appearance in the nameShow MoreRelatedWgu Ebt 1 Task 2 Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity BSN Program Karolina O’Loughlin Student ID: 256940 Type of Sources / Appropriateness of Sources / Classification of Sources American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treatRead MoreEthical Issues, Social Media Influence, and Medical Concerns of the iPhone 5 C Model979 Words   |  4 Pagescould alter the current medical practices. In addition, its production resulted in ethical issues that could affect its future users and non-users. This is because most of the ethical issues affect the workers (who could be prospective iPhone 5 C users). Another important aspect to note is that the social media has had an influence on the publicity of the item. 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Aldous Huxleys Brave New World - 1958 Words

As for intelligence there have been three capacities and virtues that should be targeted for moral enhancement, which are the sensitivity to the features of situations, thoughtfulness about doing what is moral, and the proper capacity for people to make proper judgments. The continued progress in the modification of learning, cognition, memory, the capabilities of decision-making will help assist the moral enhancement with these tasks. There have also been many neurochemicals that have been used to enhance cognitive abilities, which include increased attention span and cognition span. Drugs like OxyContin have also been used to help with empathy, and to make people feel happier. It may be believed that a drug like soma was only possible in Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World, but perhaps not. Utilitarian’s have been pushing for human enhancement that uses drugs, genetic engineering and nanotechnology to ensure the maximum amount of happiness possible while attempting to eliminate any pain. Proponents believe that this would reset the brain’s thinking patterns, and allow people to think more positively by keeping our minds engaged, rather than in a constant dull and depressing state. Many anti- depressant drugs are attempting to do just this. It is safe to say that moral enhancement is not just a potential innovation, but a technology that is already beginning. To conclude, the efforts to use moral enhancement to further empower human virtues that help provide moralShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Aldous Huxleys Brave New World699 Words   |  3 Pagessoma?: Teens and distracted driving Aldous Huxleys Brave New World portrays a future dystopia in which all the inhabitants merely live for pleasure. 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Police Inspector Essay Example For Students

Police Inspector Essay J. B Priestley gives us a lot of clues in the play An Inspector Calls which makes us feel that things are not quite as they seem. In the play we see that there is a lot of tension in the Birling household, and there are a lot of secrets kept amongst them. In the play at the engagement party we find out that there are a lot of arguments going on between the men and the women. Also we find out that Gerald had been avoiding Sheila all last summer and Sheila feels that she should know what had happened last summer. Yes-except for all last summer, when you never came near me, and I wondered what had happened to you. We also find out that Sheila needed a ring from Gerald for reassurance. Next we find out that Eric was hiding something because he says in mid sentence Oh yes, I remember but then he pauses and doesnt tell anyone about it. This suggests to us that he was hiding something from the beginning. Paragraph 2 In the play An Inspector Calls J. B Priestley uses cliffhangers to attract the attention of the audience. Near the end of act 1 we see that Gerald and Sheila are having a conversation, Sheila is saying to Gerald How did you come to know this girl- Eva Smith? Gerald tells her that he does not know an Eva Smith, he only knows a Daisy Renton. Gerald asks Sheila not to tell the Inspector about Daisy Renton Yes we can keep it from him. From this we feel some suspense because we are finding out how Gerald came to know Daisy Renton but then the act ends with the Inspector saying well? So this makes you want to read more. Then we see at the end of act 2 when Mrs. Birling is talking to the inspector and she finds out that Eric Is addicted to drinking. Eric enters looking very pale and distressed and then the act ends. In act 3 we find out that the Inspector wasnt real so this makes us wonder who the Inspector really was which makes it a mystery. The play ends and it makes us still feel suspense because it doesnt end like a normal play, but in a way I think the ending is quite good because if it was to end in another way I dont think it would have been quite as appropriate to the play. Paragraph 3 J. B Priestley shows us in the play how the Inspector reveals the part the characters had played in the killing of Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton. In the play we find out that the whole family including Gerald played a part in the killing of Eva/Daisy. Mr. Birling we find out had sacked Eva Smith just because she was asking for a pay rise. She needed the money, she had a valid reason but still Mr. Birling had turned her away. Then we find out that Eva has a job at Milwards, she was happily living her life, starting over afresh until we find out later that Sheila had got her sacked. Sheila had thought that Eva was laughing at her when she was trying on clothes. Next we find out that Gerald meets her at the Palace bar, she was looking very sad and didnt look like she belonged there. She looked young and fresh and charming and altogether out of place down there. Gerald tried to help her by giving her somewhere to live, in his friends apartment. But both of them knew that this wasnt going to last forever, so in the end he left her as well. Also you have Eric who meets her at the Palace bar; he gets her drunk and has an affair with her. In a way he tries to help her by giving her stolen money, but she realized that she couldnt live like this so she refused the money. She then turned to Mrs. Birling for help, she had no where to live and she didnt have a lot of money but still Mrs. Birling refused to help her. She was convinced that a girl in her position shouldnt have been refusing money and was prejudiced against her case from the start. Paragraph 4 J. B Priestley reveals to us in the play the true nature of the characters as the play progresses. Mr. Birling in the play thinks very highly of himself, he is arrogant and very stubborn as he says in the play. We hard headed practical businessmen must say something sometime. This suggests that he is mainly talking about himself and shows that he doesnt care about anyone else. Mrs. Birling doesnt take any responsibilities shes not really aware about whats going on around her. How does Baz Luhrmann build upon this in his 2001 film of the same name? EssayThis is dramatic irony because what he was talking about happened in the form of the two world wars. Paragraph 7 J. B Priestley reveals to us in the play that there could have been more than one girl. In the play we find out that a girl called Eva smith dies from swallowing disinfectant. Also we find out that the Birling family and Gerald had something to do with it. What we dont know is if it was one girl or many. There could have been more than one girl because unless it was a coincidence, the girl couldnt have been involved with the whole of the Birling family. In act 1 we find out that Gerald did not know an Eva Smith he only knew a Daisy Renton. From that point on in the play the only people that knew a Daisy Renton were Gerald, Eric and Mrs. Birling, and the only people that knew an Eva smith were Mr. Birling and Sheila. So there could have been more than one girl, maybe Eva Smith didnt change her name to Daisy Renton; maybe they were entirely two different people. Also when the Inspector was showing the photographs to Mr. Birling and Sheila, there was no proof that it was the same photograph because the photograph that was shown to Mr. Birling, wasnt shown to Sheila and the photograph that was shown to Sheila, wasnt shown to Mr. Birling. So there was no proof that it was the same photograph and no proof that it was the same girl. But at the end of the day it doesnt matter if it was one girl or many because what the Birling family and Gerald did to the girl, was totally wrong as Eric says And I say the girls dead and we all helped to kill her-and thats what matters Paragraph 8 In the play J. B Priestley leaves us puzzled about the identity of the Inspector. In act 3 we find out that there was no Inspector called Inspector Goole. This makes us think that after all the questions he asked the Birling family and Gerald, how much information has he really taken with him. Also it makes us wonder how he knew all this information if he wasnt a real police inspector. How he knew all this information about this girl Eva Smith and how they were linked to her Theres no Inspector Goole on the police. That man definitely wasnt a police Inspector at all. As Gerald says- weve been had This leaves the play ending as a mystery but just as the Birlings begin to go back to their old ways, the phone rings and there is another Inspector on the way. This leaves us even more puzzled because what happened in the play was going to happen again. But overall I think the Inspector was just their conscience warning them that if they were to go back to their old ways then, they would have to be punished again. Conclusion I think overall throughout An Inspector Calls J. B Priestley keeps us interested by using a variety of techniques. In the play we see that he uses Dramatic irony in acts 1, 23. Also he uses cliffhangers to end each act which makes us want to find out what is going to happen next. He also reveals to us how there is a lot of conflict going on between the members of the Birling family. This is good because he leaves clues at the beginning of the play which develops the plot and makes us interested. It also makes us know more than we already do. Another thing Is that he reveals to us what role each of the characters played in Eva/Daisys life. Using all these techniques he uses suspense in the play to make us interested and read more.

To find out what happens to the efficiency of a motor as I change the mass it lifts Essay Example

To find out what happens to the efficiency of a motor as I change the mass it lifts Essay When devices transfer energy, only part of it is USEFULLY TRANSFERRED to where it is wanted and in the form that it is wanted. The rest is transferred in some non-useful way and therefore it is wasted. The wasted energy and the useful energy are both eventually transferred to the surroundings. The greater the proportion of energy supplied to a device, THAT IS USEFULLY TRANSFERRED, the more efficient we say the device is.A motor is a device that transfers electrical energy into rotational kinetic energy, which can be used to lift a load. We are going to try and find out how the efficiency of a motor differs as we change the mass that it is required to lift. To do this we will let a small electric motor lift a small load 0.5m off the ground and work out its efficiency, increasing the weight of the load it has to lift by 0.1N each time we run it. Below is a diagram showing how the circuit for this experiment will be set up:As you can see, the motor has to be connected to the ammeter, vo ltmeter and the power supply. The ammeter is placed in series and the voltmeter is placed in parallel. The motor should be clamped tightly onto a stand over one metre off the ground. A piece of string capable of reaching to the floor should be attached to the spindle of the motor, whilst the other end should be attached to the mass hook.When the experiment is run, a stopwatch should begin timing as the power supply is switched on. Whilst the load is being lifted the amps should be read from the ammeter, and the volts from the voltmeter, at the same time. Once the load has been lifted 0.5 metres the timing should be stopped and the data recorded: weight (N), volts (V), amps (A), time (s). The basic raw data from the experiment has now been obtained. This process is repeated twice for each different weight that is lifted, amounting to a total of three runs per change in weight.The purpose of the volts, amps and time readings is to calculate the electrical energy supplied to the motor as it runs, or the total energy input, required later for calculating the efficiency. To calculate the total electrical energy supplied to any device we need to use to use the following formula:ELECTRICAL ENERGY (J) = VOLTS (V) ? AMPS (A) ? TIME (s)The volts, amps and time values were multiplied together to calculate the total electrical energy supplied to the motor in our experiment, as you can see in Table #1 in the Tables of Data section in the column headed Electrical Energy.PredictionThere has to be a weight that a motor is incapable of lifting. So although the motor can do more work by drawing more current, it must become less efficient.I predict that the line of best fit showing the trend on my results graph will look like:In other words, as the mass of its load increases, the efficiency of the motor will decrease by a uniform rate.I predict this because the heavier the weight, the more rotational kinetic energy will be required to turn the motors spindle to lift the weight. An increase in the amount of rotational kinetic energy being transferred must also result in:* An increase in friction affecting the motors moving parts, causing energy to be wasted in the forms of heat and sound.* An increase in the current drawn by the motor. This causes an increase in the resistance of the wires connecting the motor to the power supply, which in turn causes electrical energy to be wasted in the form of heat, lowering the amount of useful energy output, and therefore lowering the motors efficiency.Calculating EfficiencyIn order to find the motors efficiency each time we shall have to calculate several values. Firstly we need the raw data obtained from the experiment:* Weight Lifted (N): the weight the motor is lifting in Newtons.* Height (m): the height in meters that the load is lifted always 0.5m.* Volts (V): the voltage taken from the voltmeter in the circuit.* Amps (A): the number of amps read from the ammeter in the circuit.* Time (t): the time in seconds th at it takes the motor to lift its load 0.5m (50cm).We then need:* Average Electrical Energy (J): the average electrical energy supplied to the motor in Joules.* G.P.E. (= Movement energy) transferred (J): this is the useful energy output we get from the motor in Joules.Which allows us to calculate:* Efficiency (as a value between 0 and 1): the efficiency of the motor based on all the other values.On to a graph I can then plot:* Weight/Newtons LiftedAgainst* EfficiencyRESULTSTables of DataBelow is the data that I used to calculate the motors efficiency, set out in three tables of values, though the calculations used to convert the values are explained later. All of the numbers are given to two decimal places.Note: The calculations for these values will be explained later.Table #1: This table displays the three measurements of electrical energy taken each time the motor was run, and the weights it was required to lift.* = counted as an anomalous result not included when averaging dat aElectrical Energy (J)Weight (N)0.330.310.270.100.75*0.300.360.200.600.590.530.300.490.790.590.400.710.660.910.501.20*0.790.830.601.001.311.240.700.971.32*0.870.801.781.861.44*0.902.532.703.47*1.00Table #2: This table displays the average electrical energy supplied to the motor, the change in G.P.E. of the motor (the useful output) and the efficiency of the motor worked out from the other values.Average Electrical Energy (J)G.P.E.=Movement Energy (J)Efficiency0.300.050.170.480.100.210.570.150.260.620.200.320.760.250.330.810.300.371.180.350.300.920.400.431.820.450.252.620.500.19Table #3: This table displays the values to be plotted onto my results graph: Newtons lifted (weight of load) against efficiency.Newtons Lifted (N)Efficiency0.100.170.200.210.300.260.400.320.500.330.600.370.700.300.800.430.900.251.000.19ANALYSING AND CONCLUDINGBelow is a diagram of a running motor. An explanation of what is happening is given below.1. Electrical energy is supplied to the motor.a. Some of this electrical energy is transferred into the desired movement (rotational kinetic) energy in the motor this is useful energy.b. Some of the electrical energy is transferred into non-useful thermal (heat) and sound energy this is waste energy.2. The waste energy is lost to the surroundings.3. In this case the movement energy is now transferred into gravitational potential energy when the load is lifted.Energy has to be transferred from one form to another, e.g. a hairdryer turns electrical energy from a mains supply into movement energy (the fan), heat energy (to heat the air as it passes through) and sound energy (waste energy). You cannot create it or destroy it. Energy efficiency is how much of the energy you put into an appliance or machine is transferred into the useful energy that you are trying to get out. All machines in the real world have an efficiency that is less than 1 (or 100%). In the case of the motor above, part of the electrical energy put in is transferred into the useful movement energy, however, the machine also transfers its energy into two other waste forms: it creates a little heat and a little sound, caused by the force of friction on its moving parts, as in all machines. The greater the proportion of energy supplied to a device, that is usefully transferred, the more efficient the device.To calculate the efficiency of any device we need to use to the following formula:EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY DEVICETOTAL ENERGY SUPPLIED TO DEVICE So in the case of an appliance that coverts 200 joules of electrical energy per second into 150 joules/sec of waste heat energy, 20 joules/sec of useful light energy and 30 joules/sec useful sound energy EFFICIENCY = 50 ? 200 [? 100] = 25%We are trying to find out how the efficiency of a motor changes as we increase the mass it has to lift, so we need to remember that the efficiency of a motor is determined by how much of the electrical energy put in is transferred into useful energy output. Th e useful energy output is gravitational potential energy (GPE). Gravitational potential energy is the ENERGY STORED in an object because of the HEIGHT that the WEIGHT (due to the force of gravity on the object) of the object has been lifted against the force of gravity. If an object can fall, its got gravitational potential energy. The motor we used for our experiment was set up to lift a load 0.5 metres off the ground, in other words, the rotational kinetic energy of the motors spindle is transferred into movement energy (the same type really) as the load lifts, and by the time the weight has been lifted to its full height, all the movement energy will have been converted into gravitational potential energy, as the load can now fall. Because calculating efficiency requires that we know the useful energy output, we shall need a way of calculating the change in GPE of the load once it has been lifted (how far the weight has moved). To calculate the change in gravitational potential e nergy we use the following formula:CHANGE IN GRAVITATIONAL = WEIGHT (N) ? CHANGE IN VERTICAL HEIGHT (m)POTENTIAL ENERGY (J) So in the case of an object weighing 800N undergoing a change in height from 1000m to 3000m above ground, the GPE of the object can be worked out using the formula:CHANGE IN GRAV. POT. ENERGY = WEIGHT ? CHANGE IN VERTICAL HEIGHT= 800N ? (3000m 1000m)= 800N ? 2000m= 1600000JIn our experiment we calculated the GPE (useful energy output) like this:GPE = Weight of motors load in Newtons ? The height it was liftedThe height that the load was lifted remained the same throughout the whole experiment. The weight lifted was incremented by 0.1N to find how this affected the efficiency. The values for gravitational potential energy are displayed in Table #2 in the Tables of Data section, along with the averaged values for the total electrical energy supplied to the motor for each weight change.With these two values: Electrical Energy and Change in GPE, we have the necess ary data needed to calculate the efficiency of the motor. To calculate efficiency, we are required to use the formula:EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY DEVICETOTAL ENERGY SUPPLIED TO DEVICEWe can now substitute the two values needed to find the efficiency of our motor with our own data from the experiment, where GPE is the useful energy transferred and Average Electrical Energy is the total energy supplied:EFFICIENCY = GPE (J) ? Average Electrical Energy (J) Giving us the values shown in the column headed Efficiency in Table #2.Graph and Line of Best FitI have drawn a graph showing the results that I have collected. The correlation of the points made it possible to draw a line of best fit onto my graph. By looking at the graph it is possible to determine a clear trend, to find the optimum weight for the motors efficiency, and to spot any anomalous results.What I have found outBy looking at the graph you can see that the line of best fit shows a clear relationship between the weight of the load and the efficiency of the motor: at first, an increase in the weight of the load causes an increase in the motors efficiency. This is only true up until the weight reaches 0.6N, at which point the efficiency peaks, and the efficiency decreases as the weight continues to increase.I now know that the efficiency of a device does not remain constant, it is affected in some way by the work that it has to do.The gravitational potential energy is affected only by the change in mass (or the affects of a change in mass), as both the electrical energy supplied to the motor and the height the load had to be lifted were unaltered by us.In summary, I have found the efficiency of the motor increases whilst lifting relatively light weights, until the highest efficiency value is reached, at which point it begins to decrease.How close is this to my prediction?I predicted that the efficiency of the motor would decrease by a uniform rate as the weight of its load was increased. I p redicted this because I already knew that there must be a weight a motor is incapable of lifting, so its efficiency must be affected by the weight of its load. I also drew a sample of what I thought my line of best fit would look like. This turned out to be partially correct: the real line of best fit clearly shows the efficiency decreasing, but only after an initial increase before reaching 0.6N.My graph backs up these comments. As you can see, the weights tested that were higher than 0.6N produce a clear downwards trend, showing that the efficiency of the motor decreases as the weight of its load is increased.Explaining what I have found outThe first trend why does the efficiency increase?My results graph tells me that an increase in the weight of our motors load results in an increase in efficiency. In other words, the lighter the load, the lower the efficiency (up until 0.6N) why is this? I believe it is due to the fact that a light load does not produce enough tension in the string attaching it to the motor to prevent the string from slipping on the spindle. This would have made it appear on my graph that the motor itself was inefficient, when in fact it was due to the string gripping the spindle improperly. The string slipping was caused by a lack of friction between the string and spindle, resulting in less rotational kinetic energy in the spindle being converted into gravitational potential energy the efficiency of the motor appeared to be lower for lower weights, though in actual fact the energy output was altered by the string slipping, rather than by the efficiency of the motor. The reason for the initial rise in efficiency was that the greater the weight between string and spindle, the more friction, therefore the less slipping occurred, causing the gravitational potential energy (useful energy output) to be higher, regardless of the motors efficiency.The second trend why does the efficiency decrease?My line of best fit shows that increasing th e weight of the motors load beyond 0.6N causes a decrease in efficiency. There are several reasons explaining why an increase in weight causes efficiency to begin decreasing.FrictionFriction is a force that is created whenever two surfaces move or try to move against/across each other, i.e. the moving parts inside an electric motor. Friction always opposes the motion or attempted motion of one surface across another surface.1. Friction between the string and motor spindle: Our motor lifts its load by transferring the electrical energy supplied to it into rotational kinetic energy in the spindle. This winds the string causing the load to move, until all the movement energy has been transferred into gravitational potential energy. If we increase the weight of the load, there is increased tension in the string. This means that there is increased friction where the string is attached to the spindle, in other words, as the spindle turns, there will be more resistance between it and the s tring. The friction between these two surfaces results in heat and a little sound being produced. Because we know that energy can be changed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed, we know that the heat and sound energy produced as a result of friction between the string and spindle must therefore have been transferred from the electrical energy inputted. Both heat and sound energy are non-useful to us in this case, therefore the more electrical energy transferred into these waste forms, the greater the apparent reduction in the motors efficiency. It is important to note that it is friction between the spindle and the string, not the efficiency of the motor that is responsible for a decrease in useful energy output in this instance. Though the graph makes it appear that the motors efficiency is decreased, the actual rotational kinetic energy transferred is not affected by this friction (unlike point 2 below), since it is during the intermediate stage, when the e nergy in the spindle is transferred to the load, that the GPE (the useful energy output that we measured) is decreased.2. Friction affecting the moving parts inside our motor: The heavier the weight, the more movement energy the motors spindle will need to have in order to lift the weight. The motor is able to draw more current allowing it to transfer a greater amount of rotational kinetic energy. An increase in the amount of rotational kinetic energy being transferred to the spindle (it has more spin) must also result in an increase in friction affecting the motors moving parts. This friction creates heat and a little sound, which can only have come from the electrical energy supplied to the motor, meaning that energy is wasted, lowering the motors efficiency. Essentially, increasing the weight of the load causes an increase in friction therefore decreasing the efficiency. This explains the decreasing trend we see on my results graph.ResistanceComponents resist the flow of current through them. They have resistance. Electric current is the movement of electrons through a conductor. Metals (e.g. wires) conduct electricity because the atoms do not hold on to their electrons well FREE ELECTRONS are present. The number of mobile electrons that are in a length of wire will produce a certain amount of resistance. This is because when current is passed through the metal the electrons of the particles are given energy allowing them to move. As they travel through the wire, they come in to contact with impurities and other particles, which they bump into. This collision releases some of the electrical energy as heat energy, which is lost to the surroundings. The greater the current, the more electrons flow. The more electrons flow, the more collisions occur, causing a greater amount of the electrical energy to be wasted as heat.In the case of our motor:* When we increase the weight of its load, we increase the amount of work the motor must do, or how much rotational k inetic energy must be transferred.* The motor is able to draw more current to allow it to do more work.* An increase in the current flowing through the motors wires* Causes an increase in waste heat energy* Which can only have come from the electrical energy supplied to the motor in the first place, therefore lowering the efficiency.Vibrating motorWhen motors work hard they have a tendency to vibrate or shake slightly. I believe this is due to conflicting forces inside the motor. When we increased the weight our motor had to lift, we caused these forces to become stronger, therefore the motor would have vibrated or shook more violently. This kinetic energy has to come from somewhere we know it must have been transferred from some other form, as energy cannot just be created It must have come from the electrical energy inputted. I now know that the motor vibrating contributed lowering the efficiency of our motor because an increase in the weight of its load causes more energy to b e transferred resulting in greater conflicting forces, making the motor vibrate, or lose energy as non-useful (waste) kinetic, decreasing the efficiency of the motor.0.6N why does it peak here?My line of best fit peaks at 0.6N, showing this to be the optimum weight for maximum efficiency for this particular motor. This must be the point at which the efficiency stops increasing, and begins to decrease. In other words, the amount of non-useful waste energy stops decreasing, and begins to increase instead. So why does the first trend cease? I believe that a load weighing 0.6N must have produced enough tension in the string, and therefore enough friction to grip the spindle of the motor effectively, allowing the motor to appear at its most efficient. Weights exceeding 0.6N however, caused increased friction affecting all of the motors moving parts, producing two waste forms of energy: heat and a little sound, enough to start lowering the motors efficiency. A large enough increase in re sistance and vibration of the motor were also factors that contributed to a decrease in efficiency.EvaluatingAnomalous ResultsIn my results table containing raw data from our experiment (table #1) I have marked any results that I considered to be anomalous with an asterix (*). These anomalous results were not averaged along with the others.On my graph I have circled what I consider to be a single anomalous result.I consider these results to be reliable because they do not fit in with the rest. Values marked with an * are not the values you would expect to come alongside the other two results from that particular weight tested. For example, take the three original values for electrical energy supplied to the motor when lifting 0.20 Newtons:0.75*0.300.36You can clearly see that 0.75 does not match with the other two results, nor does it fit in with what you might expect it to be, considering the results for other weights it is not part of the trend. It has therefore been marked as an omalous and not including when averaging.Are my results reliable?Indications of a reliable experiment are:1. Results that, when plotted on a graph, form a very clear trend. That is, a line of best fit can easily be determined, and many points fall on it.2. Results that, when plotted on a graph, do not present [many] anomalous results results that do not obey the general trend, which must be discarded/ignored when drawing a line of best fit.3. Results which, when an experiment is repeated, are close together for repeats. E.g. 0.32, 0.33, and 0.34 would be considered reliable in our experiment, as these could be averaged confidently.Bearing these points in mind, it is possible to judge the reliability of my results.When I plotted my final results onto a graph, I had to draw a line of best fit a line that best took account of the trend of all the valid results plotted. My line of best fit was difficult, but by no means impossible to draw. The points did demonstrate a trend, which cou ld easily be determined, but it was not possible to know exactly where to draw the line. The points are far too loosely arranged, and there are to few of them, to provide a strong enough trend to indicate an unarguable line of best fit. An unquestionably reliable set of results could look like this:However, my points merely suggested the shape of a line of best fit. Also, the sketch above shows many points falling directly on the line of best fit. My line of best fit has no points exactly on it, which shows how difficult it was to draw I was required to guess how the line would pass through the gap between two points, etc.The number of anomalous results in the data and on the graph can also show how reliable the results are. My original data for electrical energy in Table #1 contains quite a few anomalous outcomes, indicating that the results of my experiment are dubious. Things that are reliable tend to happen the same way time and time again, so a completely reliable experiment w ould produce very similar results for any repeats. Although my results contain several severely anomalous results, there not a great cause for concern, as the repeats that are not anomalous definitely have relationship to each other. They are close enough to be averaged reliably when the anomalous results have been omitted.As for anomalous results on the graph, there is only one clearly anomalous outcome in my opinion, which is the efficiency for the load weighing 0.8N. If all the results were this scattered, the results would be completely unreliable, but it is easy to recognise as anomalous, and the rest of the points still provide a strong enough pattern as to imply a trend and line of best fit.In summary, my results are quite unreliable, but are still useful and form a good trend. The graph agreed in part with my prediction, and can be explained using science. This shows that the results were fairly accurate and reliable, and although results were present that were obviously inc orrect, they were easy to spot and eliminate. However, the points on my graph were quite scattered and loose showing that my results could have been more accurate.Do I have enough evidence to support a conclusion?In my conclusion I tried to explain the results that I obtained. I believe that I do have enough evidence to support my conclusion, though I would have preferred much more data, and if possible collected in a more accurate way, as this would have made my conclusion far easier to back up the more evidence I have the more sure I can be about the statements I have made, and the larger the amount of data I have to draw upon and use to suggest a trend. This would have made the experiment more worthwhile, and the results far more reliable.I know I have enough results because it was possible to draw a line of best fit, and guess at how the trend would have continued. However, a good example of how I would have liked more evidence is at the very top of my line of best fit, where I have suggested the optimum weight for maximum efficiency of the motor to be. With our current set of results, we can not really be sure where the layout of further points would be around that area, and exactly how the line of best fit should be shaped. For instance, the optimum temperature could have been at a slightly different point, because I was unable to tell exactly when the line of best fit should begin to slope downwards when I drew it.Using science it is also possible for me to suggest what further results would be without doing further experiments. For example, I can predict how the line of best fit would be shaped for lighter weights.How well did I carry out the investigation? -Problems we had that affected the resultsDuring the course of the experiment, we encountered several problems that may well have affected my results.1. The ammeter and voltmeter readings: The ammeter and voltmeter readings were both taken at a given time whilst the motors load was being lifted. Th e displays were fluctuating, showing the readings to be inaccurate. Also, the two people taking the readings found it difficult to judge an accurate value, because of the changeability of the readings.2. Timing for lighter loads: Whilst testing lighter weights, the load was lifted too fast for an accurate measurement of time to be taken, using a simple stopwatch. Therefore the timing would have been inaccurate for some of the lighter weights tested.How fair was our test?I think that our experiment was very close to being as fair as possible, considering the time and equipment possible, because we considered all the things that might have made the results unreliable, even if we could not control them. We made sure to keep all of the runs the same by conducting them under exactly the same conditions, so we can be relatively confident about the accuracy of our results. However, the results are definitely unreliable, though this is mostly due factors beyond our control which shall be lo oked at later. Below are the ways in which we attempted to keep our experiment a fair test, thus increasing the accuracy and usefulness of our results.What we did to make it a fair:Using the same people to take time the experiment and say Now: We made sure to only the same two people for the following two jobs:1. Starting and stopping the stopwatch at the beginning and end of each run so that the time taken for the load to be lifted could be measured.2. Saying Now to indicate to the two other people reading the ammeter and voltmeter when the values should be taken.We made sure not to swap these people around because maintaining the accuracy of our results relied upon both the reaction time and hand-to-eye coordination of these two people. Changing them around would have meant using people with different reaction times, so the test would have been unfair.Conducting the experiment on just one occasion and not repeating on a different day: The whole experiment was conducted on a single occasion. We did not allow the experiment to take place over several days, because the equipment we would have used would have been different, causing unfairness in the results. For example, we almost certainly have used a different motor, which, although it might look similar, would have been slightly different than the first, as they are not precision made. The efficiency for this motor would have different and therefore the data as a whole would have been unreliable.When we first looked at our results graphs, a clearly anomalous result was apparent (this point has been ringed on my graph). Although it was tempting to go back to the experiment, set everything up as close as possible to before and test that weight again, we did not do this. If we had, different equipment would have made our results inaccurate. The resistance of the wires used and of the motor would have been different, as length and amount of rust or damage can alter this. Also, we had no guarantee of using the sa me motor again, which is vital when testing efficiency.Calculating averages and omitting anomalous results: When carrying out the experiment, we made sure to test each weight of load three times, recording the electrical energy input for each repeat. The experiment threw up several anomalous results that can be seen in the raw data. When we calculated an average electrical energy value for every three repeats we omitted any anomalous results. These were results that were unexpected, and gave clear signs that something went wrong during that run, e.g. a hiccup in the motors efficiency, or a misread ammeter value. By omitting these results, I was able to give a fairer set of results, consequently increasing the reliability and ease with which my results could be analysed.Keeping the height from which the load started from the same each time: To keep the amount of electrical energy needing it be transferred into gravitational potential energy the same for every lift, we made sure that the motors load was place at exactly ground level, with the string taut every time the experiment was run. If the load was above ground level, it would have taken less energy to be transferred to lift it 0.5m, giving an unfair picture of the efficiency. We made sure that the sting was taut each time, because if it had been slack, the motor spindle would have had to complete more rotations in order to wind the string and lift the weight.What may have caused anomalous results?When we conducted the experiment everything went relatively well and according to plan. We did everything we could to keep it a fair test and tried to control all the factors that might have made the results inaccurate. However, there were many things that could have caused inaccuracy that were beyond our control, some of which were:1. Reaction time/human error: The accuracy of the results relied heavily on the consistency of the timings, carried out by someone stopping and starting a stopwatch when the power was turned on and when the load had been lifted 0.5m. However, it is impossible to time an experiment completely accurately using such basic equipment, and without letting human error affect the results. Slight (but nonetheless important) imprecisions will have occurred when timing how long it took the motor to lift its load, causing the results to be inaccurate and unreliable.2. The way in which the string wrapped around the spindle: The string could be seen winding round the motors spindle in different ways. This would have affected the amount of friction between string and spindle, which could have both lowered the efficiency or increased it.3. Motor efficiency being altered of its own accord: The motor itself may have caused anomalous results. Sometimes it seemed to run very slow, at other times very fast, regardless of what weight it was lifting. This could have been due to the motor drawing too much current, or internal parts functioning irregularly or not as they should.4. Ammet er and voltmeter readings: The ammeter and voltmeter readings were fluctuating, so it is doubtful if they are accurate. This could also mean that the motor alters the amount of current it draws as it lifts its load. This means that a reading taken at one given point will not give an exactly fair representation of the electrical energy being inputted. In an attempt to combat this problem, we read the ammeter and voltmeter when the load had been lifted exactly half way. This however, could have caused the results to be inaccurate for a different reason, as it relied upon someone saying Now when the load had been lifted 0.25m off the ground. This means the results will have been affected by human error and reaction time how soon after